Safe Drinking Water - How to Cope During an Emergency

What if you turned on your faucet and no water came out? That will never happen, right? Well, if the power grid went down, the municipal water supply would soon be interrupted. A power grid failure could happen from terrorist hackers or simply from an overload like happened on August 14, 2003 Northeast United States, which plunged 55 million Americans and Canadians into darkness. A major economic collapse would be much worse, disrupting transportation and delivery of chemicals needed to treat the water. Don't count on bottled water being available - store shelves are emptied within hours of a crisis.

The good news is that you can be self reliant very easily. While everyone might not want to be so prepared as to be able to fetch water from rivers and retention ponds and drink it without worry, you can be that prepared very easily. However, it is critical to understand what is in the water that can make you very sick and what you can do about it.

Step 1: Start by Storing Some Water

Do I need to buy water jugs?

While you can buy 6 gallon plastic water jugs at Walmart for $10, this is not recommended. They cost too much money and too hard to move around (a full 6 gallon jug weighs about 50 lbs.). Instead, just rinse out 2 liter pop bottles and use them. They are free and you don't even need a special "storage area" as you can put them in the back of the closet, in the car, or wherever you have a little space. The thicker two quart and gallon fruit juice bottles are also great. While they seem popular on a lot of 'preparedness supply' websites, the blue 50 gallon water drums seem impractical for anyone without a dedicated survival retreat. If a hurricane is coming and you fear water may be interrupted, or just want a larger supply, there is an economical, hundred gallon bladder worth looking into called the WaterBob, which you set in your bathtub and fill. It is worth looking into building a bathtub sized box in your basement and putting one of these in for only $25.

Do NOT use gallon milk jugs, as they are a pain in the neck. The plastic is too thin and will degrade in a few months, and unlike a two liter bottle, if you drop it you will have a big mess.

How much should I store?

The rule of thumb is that you need to store a gallon per day per person to ensure a good supply for drinking, cooking and minimal sanitation (hand washing, dish washing and brushing teeth). This does not take into account bathing and laundry. Your water will go farther if you have some paper plates and cups and plastic utensils in your cupboard.

Step 2: Tap Your "Hidden" Sources of Water

By opening your upstairs faucets, you can get whatever water is in the pipes from the downstairs faucets - it will simply drain out. Also, your hot water heater contains about 40 gallons of water! (Hopefully, you are in the habit of draining a gallon each month to drain off the rust or sediment, or you have a newer hot water heater.)

Remember that your toilet tanks have a couple of gallons of water as well. This is 'clean' water that has not flowed down into the bowl yet, but it should be treated as suspect water and purified (see below).

Step 3: Know How to Purify Suspect Water

Having the supplies and know-how to get water from a retention pond in your subdivision, or even a dirty river or lake, and make it totally safe and drinkable gives you a great feeling of security. That feeling is even better if you've ever had a waterborne illness like 'Montezuma's Revenge' or Giardia with its explosive diarrhea (yes, that is actually a term from a medical book!).

There are three 'levels' of purifying your water that you should understand. That is not to say that you must take three steps, but rather there are three types of contaminants that you need to remove from your water to make it absolutely safe and drinkable.

Level 1: Particulate Matter - "Scum and Floaties"

If you've ever had water from a well at a forest preserve that is brown from iron and minerals, it is small consolation that it is safe to drink. It is just downright unappetizing. Particulate matter includes anything in the water that makes it cloudy or less than crystal clear. If you are dipping a bucket into a pond or river in an emergency situation, this is the first thing you'll notice. While all water filters will remove particulates, they will clog your filter and shorten the usable life of this precious resource. The best way to handle particulates is to let the water stand for 12 hours while the floaties settle to the bottom, then 'pre-filter' it by gentling pouring the water through some towels or cotton t-shirts. You should see a noticeable difference in the water. However, it is not safe to drink.

Level 2: Bacteria / Protozoa / VOC's / Heavy Metals

The next group of things that you want out of your water can be eliminated through boiling (bring to a rolling boil for at least one minute). This kills the bacteria and protozoa, and the VOC's (volatile organic compounds - think fertilizers and other chemicals...) will boil off. The only problem is that this will not eliminate the heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc), and boiling takes energy (difficult when your stove doesn't work) and time for the water to cool back down before you can drink it. You can add iodine or bleach to kill off the bugs, but this will do nothing to get rid of the VOC's and the heavy metals. Therefore, a filter is the best option if you are going to have to drink this water for any period of time (a couple of days of mercury and lead probably won't hurt you....)

Level 3: Viruses

While viruses are killed off by boiling, they are not typically eliminated with filters. The problem is that the filter elements have to be so fine to eliminate viruses that the flow rate is very slow and most manufacturers figure that viruses are not as big a problem in the US, so they get ignored. This can be addressed by pretreating the water with iodine or bleach before it is filtered; the additive kills the viruses and the filter removes the bad taste of the additive.

Step 4: Buy a Berkey or Sawyer SP 190 Filter and Rest Easy

If the power is out, a filter that mounts on your faucet will be worthless. So will Reverse Osmosis filters, which rely on water pressure to work. The only viable, foolproof option is a system that needs only gravity to move water through a filter that will remove everything we have talked about. Two such filters are the Berkey, widely considered as the "gold standard", and the Sawyer SP 190. There may be other filters available that will remove viruses as well as all the other nasties, but these two are the best. (Note that Sawyer has an SP 184 filter that is popular, but does NOT remove viruses like the SP190 model...) A Berkey comes with two filter elements that will supply you with 6,000 gallons of safe water.

Step 5: Collect Rainwater

Along with your filtration system, you will need to carry the water from the water source. Consider that five gallon buckets filled with water weigh about 40 pounds, so smaller containers are more practical. The best solution is merely purchasing a few extra plastic garbage cans for use as rain barrels. Just a half inch of rainfall will yield 300 gallons of water from a 1000 square foot roof. That would fill ten Rubbermaid 32 gallon garbage cans that cost only $10 each. (If you purchase a "rainbarrel" you can expect to pay $65 dollars each for a 40 gallon barrel). A simple downspout diverter can be obtained for under $30, like the Emsco Universal Water Diverter available at HomeDepot.com.

Summary

If you've read everything above and you take these precautions, you'll never have to worry about the most important commodity you need to survive. Storing some water and getting a good water filter takes almost no extra time. The rainbarrel setup takes a trip to the store and you don't even need to set it up unless something bad happens.

Yorkshire Terriers - Some Facts You Should Know While Your Yorkie is in Heat

Some extra attention is needed for your unspayed female Yorkshire terrier when her heat cycle begins. Be prepared for her cute little personality to do an about face while she is in heat. Here are some facts you should know while your dog is experiencing her heat cycle.

Give her that extra attention while she is in heat especially if you have other dogs in the home.

Keep her eating schedule on a strict routine and reduce the amount of food during her heat cycle will help her feel a bit more comfortable. Be sure to increase her water intake in lieu of the reduced food.

Your female Yorkie will want to be exercised. To eliminate the male characters that might be hanging around your front door ready to take advantage, it would be a wise idea to take your Yorkie by car to an area that is remote. In doing this you will be eliminating a possible scent trail leading back to your front door.

If you're female Yorkshire terrier continues to be out of sorts exhibiting aggressive behavior, vomiting or diarrhea due to her hormone imbalances while in heat consult with your veterinarian by either calling or with a visit.

Of course if you are not planning on breeding your Yorkshire terrier you should consult with your vet's preferences as to the best time to have her spayed. Some vets tell people to let their dog experience one heat cycle or one litter first.

So now that you have some facts about female Yorkies in heat, I highly recommend you find out more information about training and caring for your precious small dog.

Canine Neurological Disorders

There are so many different canine neurological disorders that dogs and puppies can experience it would be almost impossible to cover them all on this page. Having said that we will aim to cover the most common canine neurological disorders, starting with a list compiled below and then going into more detail covering each disorder. Remember that the illnesses listed below do not always display noticeable symptoms until the disease has progressed.

Please do not use this information as a diagnostic tool - we are not Vet's and this is for information only.

If you have any concerns we advise you to take your dog to the Vet asap as canine neurological disorders can be progressive, degenerative and lead to death if not treated fast.

1. Canine Vestibular Disease


2. (leading to seizures) - Epilepsy


3. Degenerative Myelopathy


4. CDS - Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome


5. Parkinsons


6. Rabies


7. Hepatic Encephalopathy


8. Acquired Myasthenia Gravis


9. Distemper


10. Strokes

Now lets discuss all of the canine neurological disorders listed above in a little more detail.

Canine Vestibular Disease - This illness is also a serious issue if it affects your dog (as is any illness). Canine Vestibular disease has very similar symptoms to the symptoms of a stroke.

The main causes of Canine Vestibular disease include congenital factors - this is when it is transmitted to the puppy before it is even born. The most common age for dogs to be affected by this disease is when they are middle aged or older (around 13 years of age).

Another cause of the disease is through tick bites causing a nasty infection known as Rocky Mountain Fever. It can also be caused by lesions affecting (on) the brain. If your dog has recently suffered an ear infection (middle ear infection) this has also been known to cause the disease.

The symptoms of Canine Vestibular disease can include...

• Coordination problems - this can include your dog walking around in circles.


• Watch for problems with your dog's face. The disease is known to cause your dog to have problems being able to control the muscles in his face/head.


• Watch for sickness in your dog - motion sickness is another symptom of the disease.


• The nervous system is also affected by the disease sometimes causing a dog's eyes to roll backwards and forwards in the socket - this is called Nystagmus.

Epilepsy - This condition is actually more common in dogs and puppies than you might think. Epilepsy normally starts when your puppy is very young (as early as 2 years of age). Fortunately Epilepsy can be controlled quite well with appropriate medication - so your puppy is quite capable (even with the illness) of living a full and active life.

Seizures can come in a variety of types including....

• Tonic Clonic Seizures


• Petit Mal Seizures


• Partial Seizures


• Complex Partial Seizures


• Status Epilepticus


• Cluster Seizures

Your dog will go through three stages when having a seizure including the...

1. Pre-Ictal Phase - this is just before the seizure starts - you may notice that your dog has sudden behavior changes.


2. Ictal Phase - This is when the seizure starts - your dog's muscles may go into an uncontrollable condition that leaves their legs straight and stiff - your dog may also be paralyzed when suffering the seizure. The seizure may last anywhere from several seconds to a few minutes. Your dog may lose control of his bowels during the seizure and may also salivate.


3. Post-Ictal Phase - This is the period after the seizure has ended.

Degenerative Myelopathy - This disease is also referred to as Chronic Degenerative Radiculomyelopathy. This illness normally affects dogs between the age of 7 years of age and 14 years of age. The main cause of the disease is thought to be due to the sheath that surrounds the neurons in the spinal chord is attacked by dog's immune system which leads to a progressive and degenerative loss of coordination in the back legs (Ataxia) and eventually paralysis. Basically the brain and the back legs stop communicating effectively.

Below are some of the symptoms that you should look out for.

• Dogs with this disease will often stand with their back legs very close together with the feet also pointing in different directions due to the lack of coordination.


• Your dog may appear to stagger when he walks around the House or when outside.


• You may notice that your dog is actually not capable of walking as the disease progresses - this may leave your dog trying to drag his feet along the floor - causing problems with the paws and nails.


• As the disease continues to progress your dog's back legs may become completely paralyzed.


• Balance will be affected.


• You may notice that your dog is unable to control his bladder and/or bowels.


• The disease can progress quite quickly (in months) or it can take a few years.


• Eventually the nerves in the cranium and respiratory system will be affected which will lead to you making the very upsetting decision to have your dog put to sleep. Follow your Vets advice throughout the disease as you don't want your dog to suffer any more than you would want to suffer.

CDS - Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome - This refers to dementia (as dogs can get this degenerative disease too). Always watch for sudden behavior changes in your dog as this is normally a good indication that something untoward may be happening.

The signs and symptoms of CDS can include the following...

• Your dog may not respond to you when he is called.


• Watch for signs of disorientation.


• Does your dog seem confused and even walk around in circles?


• Watch for changes in your dog's personality - normally you as the owner will be the first to notice any things that 'just don't seem right' about your beloved pooch.


• Memory loss is another symptom.

Parkinsons- This is one of those canine neurological disorders that many owners don't realize can actually affect dogs as well as humans with very similar signs and symptoms. This disease is hereditary and will normally affect younger dogs.

The signs and symptoms of Parkinsons in dogs can include...

• Muscle jerks and twitches.


• Your dog may suffer from the onset of tremors


• Muscle stiffness


• Problems walking and a difficulty in balancing

Hepatic Encephalopathy-Also referred to as Portosystemic Encephalopathy. This disease is caused by renal failure in dogs or to put this is into an easy language that is more understandable, this disease is caused when the liver stops working properly and adequately removing toxins from your dogs blood. Due to the livers failure to work properly these toxins eventually build up in your dog's blood stream leading to Hepatic Encephalopathy. This disease can be treated but if it is left to progress it can lead to....

• Confusion


• Constipation


• Coma


• It can even be fatal if not treated.

Rabies - This disease is one of the more serious illnesses that a dog (or human) can suffer from. The disease is transmitted via saliva and can be fatal. The incubation period for the disease can vary with signs and symptoms of Rabies sometimes taking several months to appear. Due to the fact that most bites which transfer the saliva and disease occur around the head and facial area the disease can affect the brain quite quickly - with incubation being as short as 2-3 weeks.

As previously mentioned the disease is normally transmitted via a bite. The infected saliva carrying the Rabies virus will then travel via the nerves in your dogs body and then directly to the brain. The virus will then return through the nervous system again and start affecting the glands and other organs within your dog's body.

The signs and symptoms of Rabies depend on the form that your dog is infected with as there are two types - Dumb and Furious. Both types will lead to massive personality changes in your dog. If for example your dog is quite aggressive without being infected - after infection he may become affectionate and want to be around humans. If however your dog is quite quiet before infection after he is infected he may become furious, savage and very unpredictable.

Other symptoms can include...

• An inability to control the facial muscles with the facial expressions changing.


• You may notice that your dog is salivating and drooling massively.


• Alongside the salivating the jaw will be fixed (paralyzed) with the eyes staring in a fixed manner.


• Dogs with rabies also shy away from bright lights.


• Do NOT approach a dog if you fear it has Rabies - they are VERY dangerous.


• Paralysis, coma and death will normally occur approximately 15 days after the first signs and symptoms of the disease have been exhibited.

Acquired Myasthenia Gravis - This nasty disease is classed as a Autoimmune condition (disease) - basically this means that the immune system actually turns on itself and starts attacking it's own immune system. The cause of this disease is due to the neurons and interconnecting muscles being damaged - which will then lead to...

• Muscle weakness


• Tiredness after exercise


• The muscles in the eyes may also be affected


• The muscles in the face may become affected which will cause changes to your dog's facial expressions.


• You may also notice that there are some changes in your dogs voice.


• Problems with the esophagus can also occur which will then lead to a difficulty in swallowing.

This is another of those canine neurological disorders that can be congenital and affect certain breeds including...

1. Dachshunds (Miniature)


2. Springer Spaniels (all types of this breed)


3. Fox Terriers (smooth variety)


4. Jack Russell.

Distemper - This is another particularly nasty disease. Distemper is actually a virus which can be transmitted from dog to dog normally by your dog inhaling particles which have been infected by the discharges from another dog that is carrying the disease. The incubation period for the disease is anywhere between 7-21 days.

The early signs and symptoms of Distemper will include some of the following...

• A cough


• High temperature


• Tiredness and lethargy


• Eyes that have become reddened


• Loss of appetite


• Runny nose


• Your dog may also make a noise when he breaths


• Vomiting


• Diarrhea

Later symptoms (normally after a few weeks) of Distemper may include...

• Nervous twitches


• Fits


• Paralysis


• The pads of the nose may become thickened.

Dog Strokes - This is a problem that can cause quite severe behavioral changes in your dog. The symptoms of a stroke can also leave your dog with mobility problems too. There are two types of Strokes - one which is caused by hemorrhaging in the brain and the other which is caused by a blocked artery which blocks blood flow to the brain.

The major symptoms of a stroke in dogs can include the following...

• Your dog may find it difficult to balance.


• You may notice that your dog becomes more tired and seems lethargic.


• Watch your dog when he eats - by supervising your dog closely you may notice that your dog eats out of one side of the bowl - this a common symptom of a stroke in dogs.


• You may notice that your dog has difficulty seeing and may even become blind through having a stroke.


• Try calling your dog - this is important - if you suspect your dog has had a stroke watch for his reaction when he is called. A symptom of suffering a stroke can sometimes lead to dog's turning the wrong way when his name is called.


• Watch how your dog holds his head - tilting of the head is another symptom of a stroke in dogs.


• Of course sudden behavior changes should always be explored by the owner to make sure that they are not caused by an undiagnosed illness. Sudden changes in behavior is another symptom of your dog having suffered a stroke.

As we have previously mentioned please don't use the information above regarding common and less common canine neurological disorders as a diagnostic tool. Please always get paid or free vet advice if you are at all concerned that your dog has any of the conditions on this page

Salmonella and Turtles

There are many people who want to adopt these cute little pets but want to know what the link is between Salmonella and turtles. Most are probably already aware of the Salmonella threat that lies in turtles. The same people may wonder if there is a way to find a turtle without it, or possibly rid them of it by cleaning.

Unfortunately, most turtle lovers will find themselves out of luck as turtles carry non-typhoid Salmonella (the leading cause of food infection) on their shells and skin as a part of their natural bacterial make-up. It's something that they're born with. Most cases of Salmonella caused by turtles were more often those with weakened immune systems, such as the ill or elderly, and children.

When you understand the connection between Salmonella and turtles and you still wish to adopt a turtle as a pet, the most you can do is to handle it carefully. Wash your hands after touching it, keep it out of the kitchen and away from food, do not bathe it in a kitchen or bathroom sink or a bathtub, and keep it in its cage most of the time. Also, try to keep smaller children away from it, as they may try to kiss it, or if young enough, even eat the turtle.

If you manage to follow those simple guidelines and have done your research, you can still choose to adopt one. Just remember that the risk of Salmonella and turtles will always be there. If you have a pet turtle already and feel you may have it, here are some commonly reported symptoms of Salmonella poisoning:

Nausea and Vomiting
Diarrhea (in some cases, bloody)
Stomach and Abdominal Cramping
Fever and Headache

These are signs that should begin to appear a few days after infection. Though your immune system can kill it, check in with a doctor when the symptoms emerge, especially if it worsens or feels prolonged.

On a more encouraging note, there are turtles that carry less Salmonella than others. Just be selective about which one you get. And the majority of cases reported of Salmonella and turtles were concerning young children. If you are old enough and capable, and do not have a young child living with you, you have a better chance of not getting infected. Just continue to do your best to follow the safety tips.

The Dancing Skeleton

As most of you know by now, I broke the Guinness Book of World Records for Marathon Drumming in 1989. This is one of the stories that happened during that event.

One of the great volunteers (Ron) that stayed with me (To be an eye witness for the Guinness Book of Records log book) came into the Brandon Hall Auto Detail shop in Fort Mill S.C. where I was performing this 3 month long record breaking event. Ron came into the shop and I was taking a 10 minute break so he came over to talk to me. He looked me straight in the eye and said these exact words. "I won't be able to witness this event at night anymore because my mom had a vision about you that scared me". I said "ok, what did she see?"

Now Ron's mom was a very nice lady and a devout Christian who was a part of PTL. You know the PTL park (Praise The Lord) that used to be in Fort Mill, S.C. with Pastor Jim "I've sinned against you, now send me more money" Baker. He needed the money to keep his wife Tammy Fae Baker in facial make up.

Ron tells me his mom had a vision of a DANCING SKELETON on the roof of the Brandon Hall Detail shop. The skeleton had bees swarming all around it while it danced in the night. Now I myself after 40 days of drumming was a little freaked also, I had already had some strange hallucinations of my own. This will happen when you play drums for this length of time, trust me...The next day after Ron told me about his moms "vision" he stopped volunteering completely.

A vitamin company shows up about 2 days later and wants to sponsor me. It was some kind of blood and internal organ cleansing vitamin. You know boost your energy and endurance. These pills made me so physically sick they almost took me out of the event. Well within 2 days of taking these pills I had to set a snare drum up in the bathroom to keep drumming. My insides turned inside out and I had ungodly explosive diarrhea. Needless to say I stopped taking the pills immediately! I then called the vitamin guy and told him to keep the extra pills he was sending, and I was throwing the pills he already gave me into the garbage.

I started thinking about Ron's mom and her vision. I guess I was the skeleton, and the diarrhea was the swarm of bees. The diarrhea also started late in the night around 11 pm the day after I started taking the pills. Go figure she had a vision of my exploding butt...

Is Human Food A Treat Or Toxin For Pets?

Whether it is a treat for good behavior, or a way to dispose of food without putting it in the trash or down the drain, certain human foods can actually be toxic to our pet's. Some of the most common foods we may be inclined or tempted to give our pets include raw or undercooked meats, bones and eggs. Raw or undercooked meat as well as eggs, may contain bacteria such as Salmonella and E coli which is not only harmful to humans, but to our pet's as well. Raw eggs contain an enzyme called Avidin. Avidin decreases the absorption of biotin (a B vitamin), which can lead to skin and coat issues. Feeding your pet raw bones may seem like a natural, healthy and harmless thing to do, however for domestic pet's this can be very dangerous. Raw bones may not contain high levels of toxins, but they can present a choking hazard, they may also splinter and become lodged in or puncture your pets digestive tract, which can cause your pet to sustain grave injury or can even be fatal.

Foods such as chocolate, Macadamia nuts, and avocados may be appealing to us, but are actually quite dangerous and can even be deadly to our furry companions. Chocolate, coffee, and other food products that contain caffeine are dangerous because of substances called methylxanthines which are present in cacao seeds, the fruit of the plant used to make coffee and in the nuts of an extract used to make some sodas. When these foods are ingested by pet's these methylxanthines can cause vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst and urination, panting, hyperactivity, tremors, seizures, abnormal heart rhythm, and in worst cases death. Please take note that the darker the chocolate the higher the level of methylxanthines. White chocolate contains the lowest levels, while baking chocolate has the highest.

Cookies, candies and cake can also be tempting to give our pet as a treat, but again beware of the chocolate content, and also in many instances these food items may contain Macadamia nuts, which can cause weakness, vomiting, tremors, depression and hypothermia. These symptoms usually appear within twelve hours and can last up to forty eight hours. Cookies, candies and other baked goods may also contain xylitol, which is used as a sweetener in many products, and baked goods. Xylitol can cause insulin release which can lead to liver failure. The increase in insulin may also lead to hypoglycemia (lowered sugar levels). Symptoms may include vomiting, lethargy, and loss of coordination, and could progress to recumbancy and seizures.

A chip dipped in guacamole or the last two bites of a bacon, avocado, and cheese omelet may seem harmless, but the truth is avocado's contain persin, which in dogs can cause vomiting and diarrhea. Birds and rodents are sensitive to avocado poisoning as well, even more so than dogs, and can develop difficulty breathing, congestion and fluid may accumulate around the heart, and again in severe cases can even be fatal.

Other foods we may find easy to toss to our pet as a quick treat while we snack on them ourselves are grapes, raisins, and potato chips. Although the toxic substance in grapes and raisins is not completely clear, they can cause kidney failure, and in pets with certain existing health problems the signs of kidney failure may be more dramatic. Although potato chips are a popular snack in many households, they are a salty food, and feeding them to pet's should be avoided as large amounts of salt may cause excessive thirst and urination or even sodium ion poisoning. Symptoms of too much salt may include vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, depression, elevated body temperature, seizures and even death.

Another food product to avoid giving a pet is yeast dough. When baking bread or working with yeast dough, if a bit of it falls to the floor, it is best to pick it up and throw it away rather than letting the family pet clean it up, as it can rise and cause gas to accumulate in their digestive system, which can be painful and may cause the stomach or intestines to rupture. However after the dough is cooked and the yeast has fully risen, pets can have small bits of bread as treats, but should not exceed five to ten percent of their daily caloric intake.

Since we cherish our pet's and consider them part of our families, the best thing to do is to keep treats purchased from a veterinarian, or a local pet store on hand. This will keep them happy and healthy, and prevent unnecessary trips to the emergency room. But if you do believe your pet has ingested any of these foods, take note of what and how much and immediately contact your local veterinarian or call the ASPCA animal poison control center at (888) 426-4435.

Please let's keep our pets safe and healthy, because they are in fact part of our families!

Signs and Symptoms of Substance Abuse-Overdose Assistance

Please keep in mind your purpose for trying to find out if someone is doing alcohol and/or drugs- To Identify and Help rather than Catch and Punish.

General: General and specific guides to detection of alcohol and drug use, and definition of addiction.

Contents:I. General Guide to Detection

II. Definition of Addiction

III. Pupil Dilation

IV. Signs and Symptoms

V. Paraphernalia a) S/S Chart Version

VI. Drug Facts

VII. Articles and Other Resources

VIII. Drug Pictures/Resources

IX. Topics

X. Additional Articles (Alcoholism, Drugs, Teenage Addiction, Interventions)

XI. Overdose and Emergency Intervention Techniques

I. Specific: General Guide to Detection

Abrupt changes in work or school attendance, quality of work, work output, grades, discipline.

Unusual flare-ups or outbreaks of temper. Withdrawal from responsibility. General changes in overall attitude. Deterioration of physical appearance and grooming.

Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate times. Continual wearing of long-sleeved garments particularly in hot weather or reluctance to wear short sleeved attire when appropriate. Association with known substance abusers. Unusual borrowing of money from friends, co-workers or parents. Stealing small items from employer, home or school. Secretive behavior regarding actions and possessions; poorly concealed attempts to avoid attention and suspicion such as frequent trips to storage rooms, restroom, basement, etc.

II. Specific: DSM-IV Definition of Addiction

A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:

(1) Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:

a. A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect.

b. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.

(2) Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following:

a. The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance

b. The same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms. (

3) The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended (loss of control).

(4) There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use (loss of control). (

5) A great deal of time is spent on activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects (preoccupation).

(6) Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use (continuation despite adverse consequences).

(7) The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (adverse consequences).

III. Specific: Pupil Dilation

Before you do anything, consider this. There are two trains of thought prior to detection and intervention. One thought is to catch and punish, and the other is to identify and help- remember why you are doing this, and the intervention will turn out much better.

Note: A 6mm, 7mm, or 8mm pupil size could indicate that a person is under the influence of cocaine, crack, and meth, hallucinogens, crystal, ecstasy, or other stimulant. A 1mm or 2mm pupil size could indicate a person under the influence of heroin, opiates, or other depressant. A pupil close to pinpoint could indicate use. A pupil completely dilated could indicate use. Blown out wide pupils are indicative of crack, methamphetamine, cocaine, and stimulant use. Pinpoint pupils are indicative of heroin, opiate, depressant use.

Other causes of pupil dilation

IV. Specific: Signs and Symptoms

Alcohol: Odor on the breath. Intoxication. Difficulty focusing: glazed appearance of the eyes. Uncharacteristically passive behavior; or combative and argumentative behavior. Gradual (or sudden in adolescents) deterioration in personal appearance and hygiene. Gradual development of dysfunction, especially in job performance or schoolwork. Absenteeism (particularly on Monday). Unexplained bruises and accidents. Irritability. Flushed skin. Loss of memory (blackouts). Availability and consumption of alcohol becomes the focus of social or professional activities. Changes in peer-group associations and friendships. Impaired interpersonal relationships (troubled marriage, unexplainable termination of deep relationships, alienation from close family members).

Marijuana/Pot: Rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter linearly stages of intoxication. Sleepy or stupor in the later stages. Forgetfulness in conversation. Inflammation in whites of eyes; pupils unlikely to be dilated. Odor similar to burnt rope on clothing or breath. Tendency to drive slowly - below speed limit. Distorted sense of time passage - tendency to overestimate time intervals. Use or possession of paraphernalia including roach clip, packs of rolling papers, pipes or bongs. Marijuana users are difficult to recognize unless they are under the influence of the drug at the time of observation. Casual users may show none of the general symptoms. Marijuana does have a distinct odor and may be the same color or a bit greener than tobacco.

Cocaine/Crack/Methamphetamines/Stimulants: Extremely dilated pupils. Dry mouth and nose, bad breath, frequent lip licking. Excessive activity, difficulty sitting still, lack of interest in food or sleep. Irritable, argumentative, nervous. Talkative, but conversation often lacks continuity; changes subjects rapidly. Runny nose, cold or chronic sinus/nasal problems, nose bleeds. Use or possession of paraphernalia including small spoons, razor blades, mirror, little bottles of white powder and plastic, glass or metal straws.

Depressants: Symptoms of alcohol intoxication with no alcohol odor on breath (remember that depressants are frequently used with alcohol). Lack of facial expression or animation. Flat affect. Flaccid appearance. Slurred speech. Note: There are few readily apparent symptoms. Abuse may be indicated by activities such as frequent visits to different physicians for prescriptions to treat" nervousness", "anxiety"," stress", etc.

Narcotics/Prescription Drugs/Opium/Heroin/Codeine/Oxycontin: Lethargy, drowsiness. Constricted pupils fail to respond to light. Redness and raw nostrils from inhaling heroin in power form. Scars (tracks) on inner arms or other parts of body, from needle injections. Use or possession of paraphernalia, including syringes, bent spoons, bottle caps, eyedroppers, rubber tubing, cotton and needles. Slurred speech. While there may be no readily apparent symptoms of analgesic abuse, it may be indicated by frequent visits to different physicians or dentists for prescriptions to treat pain of non-specific origin. In cases where patient has chronic pain and abuse of medication is suspected, it may be indicated by amounts and frequency taken.

Inhalants: Substance odor on breath and clothes. Runny nose. Watering eyes. Drowsiness or unconsciousness. Poor muscle control. Prefers group activity to being alone. Presence of bags or rags containing dry plastic cement or other solvent at home, in locker at school or at work. Discarded whipped cream, spray paint or similar chargers (users of nitrous oxide). Small bottles labeled" incense" (users of butyl nitrite).

Solvents, Aerosols, Glue, Petrol: Nitrous Oxide - laughing gas, whippits, nitrous. Amyl Nitrate - snappers, poppers, pearlers, rushamie, .Butyl Nitrate - locker room, bolt, bullet, rush, climax, red gold. Slurred speech, impaired coordination, nausea, vomiting, slowed breathing. Brain damage, pains in the chest, muscles, joints, heart trouble, severe depression, fatigue, loss of appetite, bronchial spasm, sores on nose or mouth, nosebleeds, diarrhea, bizarre or reckless behavior, sudden death, suffocation.

LSD/Hallucinogens: Extremely dilated pupils, (see note below). Warm skin, excessive perspiration and body odor. Distorted sense of sight, hearing, touches; distorted image of self and time perception. Mood and behavior changes, the extent depending on emotional state of the user and environmental conditions Unpredictable flashback episodes even long after withdrawal (although these are rare). Hallucinogenic drugs, which occur both naturally and in synthetic form, distort or disturb sensory input, sometimes to a great degree. Hallucinogens occur naturally in primarily two forms, (peyote) cactus and psilocybin mushrooms.

Several chemical varieties have been synthesized, most notably, MDA , STP, and PCP. Hallucinogen usage reached a peaking the United States in the late 1960's, but declined shortly thereafter due to a broader awareness of the detrimental effects of usage. However, a disturbing trend indicating resurgence in hallucinogen usage by high school and college age persons nationwide has been acknowledged by law enforcement. With the exception of PCP, all hallucinogens seem to share common effects of use. Any portion of sensory perceptions may be altered to varying degrees. Synesthesia, or the "seeing" of sounds, and the "hearing" of colors, is a common side effect of hallucinogen use. Depersonalization, acute anxiety, and acute depression resulting in suicide have also been noted as a result of hallucinogen use. Note: there are some forms of hallucinogens that are considered downers and constrict pupil diameters.

PCP: Unpredictable behavior; mood may swing from passiveness to violence for no apparent reason. Symptoms of intoxication. Disorientation; agitation and violence if exposed to excessive sensory stimulation. Fear, terror. Rigid muscles. Strange gait. Deadened sensory perception (may experience severe injuries while appearing not to notice). Pupils may appear dilated. Mask like facial appearance. Floating pupils, appear to follow a moving object. Comatose (unresponsive) if large amount consumed. Eyes may be open or closed.

Ecstasy: Confusion, depression, headaches, dizziness (from hangover/after effects), muscle tension, panic attacks, paranoia, possession of pacifiers (used to stop jaw clenching), lollipops, candy necklaces, mentholated vapor rub, severe anxiety, sore jaw (from clenching teeth after effects), vomiting or nausea (from hangover/after effects)

Signs that your teen could be high on Ecstasy: Blurred vision, rapid eye movement, pupil dilation, chills or sweating, high body temperature, sweating profusely, dehydrated, confusion, faintness, paranoia or severe anxiety, trance-like state, transfixed on sites and sounds, unconscious clenching of the jaw, grinding teeth, very affectionate.

V. DRUG SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Stimulants (Cocaine, Ecstasy, Meth., Crystal)

Depressants (Heroin, Marijuana, Downers)

Hallucinogens (LSD)

Narcotics (Rx. Medications)

Inhalants (Paint, Gasoline, White Out)

PCP

Alcohol

Note: Paraphernalia- Keep in mind, that you may not find drugs, if you are searching for them, but you can usually find the paraphernalia associated with use.

VI. Specific: Drug Facts

Includes identifiers, definitions, language of users and dealers. Drug Terms Slang and Street Terms

VII. Specific: Articles and Other Resources

This the additional information for brain chemistry and the drug user)

VIII. Specific: Drug Pictures/Resources from the DEA

CHEMICAL CONTROL

INTRODUCTION TO DRUG CLASSES

NARCOTICS Narcotics of Natural Origin

Opium, Morphine, Codeine, Thebaine

Semi-Synthetic Narcotics

Heroin Hydromorphone Oxycodone Hydrododone

Synthetic Narcotics

Meperidine

Narcotics Treatment Drugs

Methadone Dextroproxyphene Fentanyl Pentazocine Butorphanol

DEPRESSANTS Barbiturates

Controlled Substances Uses and Effects (Chart) Benzodiazepines Gamma

Hydroxybutric AcidParaldehyde, Chloral HydrateGlutethimide 7

MethaqualoneMeprobamate

Newly Marketed Drugs

STIMULANTS Cocaine Amphetamines

Methcathinone, Methylphenidate

ANORECTIC DRUGS hat

CANNABIS Marijuana Hashish Hashish Oil

HALLUCINOGENS LSD Psilocybin & Psiocyn and Other Tryptamines Peyote & Mescaline MDMA (Ecstasy) & Other Phenethylamines Phencyclidine (PCP) & Related Drugs Ketamine

STEROIDS

INHALANTS

IX. Specific: NICD Topics

Do you have questions relating to addiction /addictions / substance abuse? Contact us...Health Info and Videos Medical issues updated weekly. Family Resources for the family, intervention information, support, and counseling. Medical information, doctor and specialists directory, terminology and dictionary of terms. Treatment.

The Villa at Scottsdale- Providing a full continuum of care for the treatment of alcoholism and drug addiction.

Alcohol and Drug Addiction Survival Kit

General: A series, for the individual, family, friends, employers, educators, professionals, etc. on prevention, intervention, treatment, recovery, relapse prevention, support, and other issues relating to alcoholism and drug addiction.

1. Prevention- Includes tips on how to talk to your kids about alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.

2. Detection of Signs and Symptoms- A guide to detection of alcohol and various drug usage.

3. Definition of Addiction- A DSM-IV definition of exactly what constitutes alcoholism and drug addiction.

4. Intervention- Interventions can and do work. We will show you how to do it effectively.

5. Treatment & Housing- A treatment center and halfway house locator.

6. Support- Some guides to how to support someone while they are in treatment.

7. After Care- What to do prior to and after release from treatment.

8. Recovery / Relapse Prevention- Addiction can surface again, in the form of relapse.

9. Other Issues- Issues to think about regarding those affected by substance abuse, as well as those around them.

10. References- A list of those who contributed to this series of articles.

Articles Medical Today Dr. William Gallagher takes us through his use of DNFT with his patients. Psychotherapy Today Psychologist Jim Maclaine keeps us up to date with his articles of insight, therapy, and healing. Counseling Today Therapist Thom Rutledge gives a creative approach to dealing with life on life's terms via his unique counseling sessions. Big Book Bytes Author Shelly Marshall shares via the Big Book on issues of concern to those in recovery. All pages are set-up to copy, for use by counselors, professionals, sponsors, and others.

Recovery Today Interviews of people in recovery, about alcoholism, drug abuse, addictions, recovery, sobriety, spirituality, wisdom, experience, strength, and hope. Tune in monthly for new articles!

A.A. History Author Dick B. will take you back to a time when the recovery rates were as high as 93%.

Journaling Today A series of informative articles by Author Doreene Clementon how, why, and what to write about.

Spirituality Today Author Carol Tuttle takes us to new heights on our spiritual journey.

Articles of God and Faith Features 100's of topics relating to God, faith, spirituality, and more.

Life Today Everyday life experiences from people all over the world. Life, Addictions, Recovery, Hope, Inspiration, Wisdom, Advice, and so much more. Tune in on a regular basis to see what others have and are going through. Find hope from the experiences of others.

Steps Today Recovery Peer and Advisory Board Member Dean G. gives creative approach to dealing with life on life's terms via his unique recovery sessions.

Step Work / Relapse Prevention This service is designed to assist with step work, with quotes and pages from the Big Book, with forms ready to copy and utilize. There is a section devoted to relapse prevention as well.

X. Specific: Additional Articles

Health and Medical News, videos, text from the world of medicine, health, and medical.

Ecstasy information.

How Do I Talk With My Kids About Alcohol?

How Do I talk to my kids about drugs?

How Do I talk with my teenager about drugs and alcohol?

What does a crack pipe look like?

Family assistance for substance abuse.

Addiction treatment for my teenager.

Overdose or OD Information

XI. Specific: Overdose & Emergency Intervention Techniques

Drug Overdose- Drug overdoses can be accidental or on purpose. The amount of a drug needed to cause an overdose varies with the type of drug and the person taking it. Overdoses from prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, "street" drugs, and/or alcohol can be life threatening. Know, too, that mixing certain medications or "street" drugs with alcohol can also kill.

Physical symptoms of a drug overdose vary with the type of drug(s) taken. They include: Abnormal breathing Slurred speech Lack of coordination Slow or rapid pulse Low or elevated body temperature Enlarged or small eye pupils Reddish face Heavy sweating Drowsiness Violent outbursts Delusions and/or hallucinations Unconsciousness which may lead to coma (Note: A diabetic who takes insulin may show some of the above symptoms if he or she is having an insulin reaction.)

Parents need to watch for signs of illegal drug and alcohol use in their children. Morning hangovers, the odor of alcohol, and red streaks in the whites of the eyes are obvious signs of alcohol use. Items such as pipes, rolling papers, eye droppers and butane lighters may be the first telling clues that someone is abusing drugs. Another clue is behavior changes such as: Lack of appetite Insomnia Hostility Mental confusion Depression Mood swings Secretive behavior Social isolation Deep sleep Hallucinations.

Prevention- Accidental prescription and over-the-counter medication overdoses may be prevented by asking your doctor or pharmacist: What is the medication and why is it being prescribed? How and when should the medication be taken and for how long? (Follow the instructions exactly as given.) Can the medication be taken with other medicines or alcohol or not? Are there any foods to avoid while taking this medication? What are the possible side effects? What are the symptoms of an overdose and what should be done if it occurs? Should any activities be avoided such as sitting in the sun, operating heavy machinery, driving? Should the medicine still be taken if there is a pre-existing medical condition?

To avoid medication overdoses: Never take a medicine prescribed for someone else. Never give or take medication in the dark. Before each dose, always read the label on the bottle to be certain it is the correct medication. Always tell the doctor of any previous side effects or adverse reactions to medication as well as new and unusual symptoms that occur after taking the medicine. Always store medications in bottles with childproof lids and place those bottles on high shelves, out of a child's reach, or in locked cabinets. Take the prescribed dose, not more. Keep medications in their original containers to discourage illicit drug use among children: Set a good example for your children by not using drugs yourself. Teach your child to say "NO" to drugs and alcohol. Explain the dangers of drug use, including the risk of AIDS. Get to know your children's friends and their parents. Know where your children are and whom they are with. Listen to your children and help them to express their feelings and fears. Encourage your children to engage in healthy activities such as sports, scouting, community-based youth programs and volunteer work. Learn to recognize the signs of drug and alcohol abuse.

Questions to Ask:

Is the person not breathing and has no pulse? FIRST AID Perform Cyprinids the person not breathing, but has a pulse? FIRST AID Perform Rescue Breathing AND is the person unconscious? FIRST AID lay the victim down on his or her left side and check airway, breathing and pulse often before emergency care. Do CPR or Rescue Breathing as needed. ANDdoes the person have any of these signs? Hallucinations Confusion Convulsions Breathing slow and shallow and/or slurring their words

Do you suspect the person has taken an overdose of drugs? FIRST AID Call Poison Control Center. Follow the Poison Control Center's instructions. Approach the victim calmly and carefully. Walk the person around to keep him or her awake and to help the syrup of ipecac work faster, if you were told to give this to the victim. Also, see "Poisoning". AND is the person's personality suddenly hostile, violent and aggressive? FIRST AID Use caution. Protect yourself. Do not turn your back to the victim or move suddenly in front of him or her. If you can, see that the victim does not harm you, himself or herself. Remember, the victim is under the influence of a drug. Call the police to assist you if you cannot handle the situation. Leave and find a safe place to stay until the police arrive. AND Have you or someone else accidentally taken more than the prescribed dose of a prescription or over-the-counter medication? DO NOT perform any technique unless it is a matter of life and death! If you are unsure of what you are doing, please follow the instructions given by a 911 operator.

Note: If doctor is not available, call Poison Control Center. Follow instructions given.